When bad weather hits snowy hills, there’s a good chance you could experience a whiteout. But could you navigate your way back to safety?
Prepare and plan
Before going out, check the weather forecast and examine potential escape routes off the hill. Organise your equipment: a jacket with a hood with face protection and a stiff brim, warm gloves, a belay jacket and goggles will all feel like refuge from the weather outside.
Stop and think
As visibility worsens, it's tempting to speed up and try to wing it. But using minimal visual information and 'the force' to navigate will just get you into trouble, so stop when things begin to worsen. Establish exactly where you are before you go running off. Make a plan and establish a safe, practicable route, which will make the best use of any major features (e.g. ridges and valley floors) and can be broken into short legs. Do this in the comfort of a group shelter. If you're already lost then backtrack or rely on map memory to retrace your route and aim for a safe, large catching feature to relocate. Now it's time to go back to the basics of navigation.
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Which direction?
In a whiteout you need to be accurate. Estimate a bearing from looking at the map, then calculate it and make sure they match. Finally, check it with others in the party or completely redo it yourself. Following it can be hard. With no features visible, it may involve throwing a snowball ahead (try wiping it on dirty overtrousers for some peaty coloring).
Deciding distance
Measure the distance carefully on the map, and check. For measuring distance travelled, pacing is good over short distances (say up to 500m) but hard to keep up on longer legs. In deep snow and poor visibility, your normal 100m pace count may double or even treble. Practice in a controlled setting. A row of toggles on your rucksack or compass will allow you to count 100s of metres off. Timing is good over longer legs but, again, poor weather and difficult navigation can easily triple your usual timings. Consider taking a prelaminated card, showing how far you walk at a variety of speeds over a variety of times.
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Terrain
Think about what you will travel over. Are there major features that you will be able to identify? You won't see changes in slope angle but you'll often feel them or see someone in your group above or below you. Tick off the features as you go. Avoid or plan for hazards such as coire rims, cornices, steep icy slopes, boulder fields, snow covered lochs and avalanche-prone slopes.
Making mistakes
What will happen if you get this leg wrong? It's common to overestimate how far you have travelled in poor conditions. You might need to overshoot at least 10% to identify the feature you're looking for, or a good catching feature like a (safe) change in slope angle. Don't plan legs where overshooting will expose you to hazards.
Digital aids
A watch altimeter is a useful tool, if updated regularly at known points. A GPS (or mobile phone app) can hugely assist navigation, if you know how to use it. Don't rely on it alone in case of failure; track yourself on the map too. Remember that batteries and mobile phones don't like the cold and may die on you!
Last resorts
If you've become navigationally challenged, the weather has become too bad to move, you aren't confident of finding a way down through surrounding hazards or group members are exhausted, then it could be time to dig in. This is a last resort, but a shovel, group shelter, some spare food and survival bags may make a dangerous night out bearable.
WATCH: Winter skills 1.8: navigation tips
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Experience
The outcome of your experience in the 'white room' will often come down to prior experience – your first time in a whiteout may not be the best learning environment! Prior practice in controlled circumstances will help you build a toolbox of navigational strategies, improve accuracy and – vitally – give you the confidence to navigate well in even the worst that winter can throw at you.
Alan Halewood is a Fort William-based MIC and IML. He runs walking, mountaineering and climbing courses year round in Scotland, spending much of the winter navigating in a whiteout!
Expert Q&A
This issue's expert is Al Gilmour (MIC), a full-time instructor at Glenmore Lodge. Al has worked in the outdoors for almost 20 years, with six at Glenmore Lodge, but he's still passionate about all aspects of walking, climbing, mountaineering and mountain biking.
Q. How can I develop my whiteout navigation skills? Many of the techniques for mountain navigation can be practised at any time throughout the year. Head out in poor visibility to areas that are bounded by solid features (roads / big rivers etc) and practice navigating to small contour features (stream junctions etc). When that's easy, try it at night. Try getting lost on purpose too – pick a friendly area (no cliffs) and develop a relocation strategy – and keep your GPS switched off unless it goes pear shaped.
Q. Are goggles useful for whiteouts? Yes, they're an essential bit of winter hill kit: if there's snow blowing, you won't be able to walk into the wind without them. For daytime poor-visibility navigation, lenses tinted for flat light are useful; for night you ideally want clear lenses to allow map contours to stand out. Make sure they're double-lensed to prevent misting and look after them carefully.
Q. Can I follow a cliff edge when navigating in poor visibility? In a word, no. Cliff edges can be really useful navigational features in summer conditions, even with only a little visibility, but in winter they can become really dangerous: it may be impossible to work out where the edge is, and it could be corniced. If you fall through a cornice, you'll often go a long way. Techniques like dog-legging and boxing can help to safely navigate around such potential dangers.
Q. Do whiteouts affect avalanche risk? Whiteout conditions don't relate to snowpack conditions. The avalanche risk will (or won't) be there regardless. What is important is to be aware of where there may be risks and how know how to avoid them. That's why prior knowledge of slope aspects and the weather is so important.
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